Just as fire regenerates a forest, so a great university regenerates human culture. We burn the rubbish, and create the space for new stuff to grow.

Vice-chancellors echo ministers’ vision of the university as a research laboratory for local industry — just as they assured government in the 16th century that they were fighting heresy, and in the 19th that they were building empire.

But as the University of Cambridge celebrates its octocentenary, we should celebrate a deeper truth. Cambridge has been successful as a focus of dissent; we’ve had the biggest impact because we have long been the hottest flame-thrower.

The ground we cleared made us the cradle of evangelical Christianity in the 16th century, of science in the 17th, of atheism in the 19th and of the emerging sciences of information since.

Rebellion has been in Cambridge’s DNA from the start. We were founded by scholars fleeing persecution at Oxford. As the Renaissance got going, Cambridge was one of the first to embrace the Clas­sics, or “humane letters.” Because we were a self-governing community of scholars, the reformers only had to convince colleagues.

During the Reformation, Cambridge had scholars on both sides of the barricades. One of the most influential was Erasmus, who “laid the egg that Luther hatched” by undermining the Vatican’s authority. When Henry VIII needed a theologian to justify rebellion against the Pope, he turned to Cambridge and Edward Foxe, the provost of King’s College. Foxe was soon eclip­sed by his colleague Thomas Cran­mer, who became the first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury.

Puritanism got traction as an internal Cambridge rebellion against statutes imposed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1570, which gave college masters power over academics with the aim of curtailing heresy. Wishful thinking! Our Puritan tradition drove not just the Civil War, but also the settlement of America — key Pilgrim leaders were Cambridge men.

The Restoration saw science blos­som. Within a decade of Oliver Cromwell’s death, Isaac Newton discovered the laws of motion and gravity, and the calculus. This trashed the medieval notion of a God micromanaging the world. By 1703, Edmond Halley became a professor at Oxford despite being an atheist. The 18th century Enlightenment flourished in the space all this created.

In the 19th century, many Cambridge scientists extended the idea of the world as mechanism. Charles Darwin was the greatest iconoclast. By explaining how organisms evolve by random variation and natural selection over time, he shredded the notion of humans being qualitatively different from other animals.

The early 20th century continued this tradition of disruptive scientific innovation, with John Cockroft and Ernest Walton splitting the atom. It also saw disruptive work in the humanities from the likes of John Maynard Keynes and E. M. Forster, and Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell (jailed for opposing the First World War). Pioneers such as Alan Turing and Maurice Wilkes made the computer a reality; James Watson and Francis Crick decoded DNA’s structure. Bioinformatics is now a strong point — about a third of the Human Genome Project was done at Cambridge.

Our effect on belief systems, from Reformation to atheism, has been profound: if Richard Dawkins is the Devil’s chaplain, Cambridge is the Devil’s flame-thrower. At the practical level, our talent for creative destruction has led to huge advances in liberty and prosperity.

So how can academia drive and support the next eight centuries of progress? The critical factors are self-government and intellectual freedom. The two are deeply linked, and are both under pressure from bossy governments and centralising university bureaucrats.

The Government would like to see Cambridge (and Oxford) controlled by boards of “external” wor-
thies chasing Treasury targets. Why? Every pound spent on research at Cambridge over the past 800 years has been repaid a hundredfold to following generations. Fencing in the golden goose is not the way to optimise egg production. The academic goose needs to be free range.

So my suggestion is this. Let’s make the Oxbridge model universal and encourage every university to have a majority on its governing body elected by university staff from among our number. David Cameron, Nick Clegg, what say you?

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Ross Anderson is professor of security engineering and an elected member of Council, University of Cambridge. Web: www.Ross-Anderson.com

This article first appeared in the 5 February 2009 edition of Times Higher Education. Reprinted with permission.

The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily CAUT.

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